I. Incipient Stage: Nkyekyɛmu nhyehyɛe a wɔaka abom biara nni hɔ (1930–1971) .
Wɔ Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw no akyi no, wɔde plastic ne foam nneɛma dii dwuma kɛse, na wɔde EVA, rɔba, ne resins dii dwuma kɛse wɔ ofie mfiri, nneɛma a wɔde siw mframa ano, ne ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri mu; nanso na nhyehyɛe biara nni hɔ a wɔde hwehwɛ ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nkɔ mu a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ.
1930 mfeɛ no: Amerika ASTM gyinapɛn no de awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ a ɛdi kan a wɔde sɔ ɔhyeɛ sɔhwɛ baeɛ, a ɛsusuu ɔhyeɛ a ɛkɔ soro nko ara na ɛkyerɛɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda "ɔhyeɛ a ɛyɛ brɛoo-" ne "ɔhyeɛ a ɛyɛ ntɛm-" ntam, a nhyehyɛeɛ biara nni hɔ a ɛfa ɔhyew a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ anaa asiane a ɛwɔ nsuo a ɛtɔ gu fam ho nhwehwɛmu ho.
1950–1960 mfe no mu: Ogya a ɛtɔe a ɛfa ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri ho no kɔɔ soro kɛse; nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam a ebetumi asɔ ogya a ɛto so abien a ɛwɔ hɔ no de asiane kɛse ba, nanso na wiase nyinaa nhyehyɛe biara nni hɔ a wɔde kyekyɛ nneɛma mu a ɛyɛ biako a ɛbɛma ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nkɔ hɔ gyina hɔ.
Nnwuma mu nsɛnnennen atitiriw: Wɔ EVA ne rɔba a wɔtaa de di dwuma ho no, wobetumi de aniwa nkutoo asusuw ogya a ɛko tia ho; nea efii sɔhwɛ ahorow a efi aduruyɛdan ahorow mu bae wɔ ade koro no ara ho no nhyia koraa; na ahobanbɔ gyinapɛn biara nni hɔ a wɔaka abom ama ɛlɛtrɔnik ne PCB nnwuma a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne-.
II. Gyinapɛn a Edi Kan no awo: Mfitiaseɛ Mfitiaseɛ Abiɛsa-Nhyehyɛeɛ a Wɔde Sisi hɔ (1972–1990, UL94 Nkyerɛaseɛ 1–3)
Wɔ afe 1972 mu no, UL yii UL94-wiase no mu nkyekyɛmu gyinapɛn a edi kan a ɛfa plastic ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nkɔ mu ho no adi a ɛto fapem ma nnɛyi ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nkɔ mu nhyehyɛe ahorow.
Wɔde sɔhwɛ atitiriw foforo abien aka ho: ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro (HB) ne ɔhyew a ɛda fam.
Wɔkyekyɛɛ mfitiase mfonini a ɛda hɔ no mu abiɛsa pɛ: V-0, V-1, ne V-2. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe titiriw ne bere tenten a ogyaframa a aka ne sɛ ebia nsu a ɛreworo so no hyew kotoku no anaa.
Nea ɛto so abiɛsa (1980) no yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛe no mu nsakrae, na U.S. Ɔman Bammɔ Dwumadibea no gye toom na ɛbɛyɛɛ nea wɔhyɛ sɛ wɔde kyerɛw ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri ne ofie mfiri.
Anohyeto ahorow: Wɔde plastic a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ den nkutoo na ɛyɛ adwuma; sɔhwɛ biara nni hɔ a wɔatu ho ama wɔ nneɛma a wɔde ahurututu a ɛyɛ tratraa ayɛ ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, EVA, EPDM ahurututu, silicone ahuru); ogyaframa a ɛko tia nneɛma a ɛyɛ tratraa no taa yɛ nea ɛboro so na ɛnnɔɔso sɛ ebetumi adi PCB ahwehwɛde ahorow a ɛkorɔn-ɔhyew nhyɛso-hotɔ ho dwuma.
III. Nkɔsoɔ a Wɔayɛ no Graded: Wɔde ultra-high flame retardancy grade (5V) a wɔde aka ho (1991–2012, Nkyekyɛmu a ɛtɔ so nnan ne anum)
Nea ɛto so anan (1991) ne nea ɛto so anum (1996) de nkɔso atitiriw abien a ɛho hia bae, na ɛde ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nkɔ mu nkyekyɛmu nhyehyɛe a ɛda so ara de di dwuma de besi nnɛ no sii hɔ.
5VA ne 5VB ogyaframa a ɛko tia dodow a wɔde aka ho foforo (a ɛkorɔn sen V-0), a ɛyɛ tebea horow a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro a ɛkɔ so daa ne ogyaframa a ɛbue kɛse ho mfonini;
5VA: Mprɛte a ɛnyɛ-tokuru a ntokuru biara nni mu, ɛne IC substrate gyinapɛn a ɛkorɔn-awiei, ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn-ɔhyew press ahwehwɛde ahorow, ne nsɛm a ɛyɛ ahyɛde ma ahoɔden a wɔkora so nneɛma hyia.
5VB: Ɛma kwan ma wɔtow ntokuru kakra; amansan nyinaa ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn-ɔhyew nhyehyɛe fã.
Fa sɔhwɛ nhyehyɛe titiriw a ɛfa films a ɛyɛ tratraa ne nneɛma a wɔde yɛ foam a ɛyɛ tratraa ho ka ho de di sɔhwɛ mu nsɛm a ɛfa EVA ne EPDM foam a wɔkyinkyim no ho dwuma.
Nnwuma mu ade titiriw: Mprempren ɛlɛtrɔnik nneɛma, PCB, ne ahoɔden nneɛma foforo hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde UL94 adansedi krataa a ɛyɛ ahyɛde kyerɛw, bere a wɔde nkakrankakra retu HB-foam nneɛma a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛba fam-grade foam nneɛma afi mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ no mu nkakrankakra.
Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho haw ahorow a edi kan: Europa huu dioxins a ɛba bere a nnuru a wɔde siw ogyaframa ano a wɔde brominated hyew no, na ɛmaa wɔde anohyeto ahorow baa atetesɛm mu ogyaframa-gyina ogyaframa-EVA foam a ɛmma ogyaframa so.
IV. Refined Iteration: Wiase Nyinaa Sɔhwɛ Gyinapɛn a Wɔaka abom (6th Edition, 2013) .
Wɔyii UL94 a ɛtɔ so nsia no adi wɔ afe 2013 mu, na ɛmaa sɔhwɛ mu abodwokyɛreɛ mu yɛɛ den kɛseɛ sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɛne wiase nyinaa amannɔne aguadiɛ a wɔde ma no bɛhyia.
Fa ogyaframa no sorokɔ, ahoɔdennuru bo, nhwɛsode no nsusuwii, ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia hyew/nwini a ɛwɔ BenSheng kanea no mu no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ na ama nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ sɔhwɛ mu wɔ aduruyɛdan ahorow a ɛwɔ China, United States, ne Europa mu no afi hɔ.
Nkɛntɛnso a ne kɛse nya wɔ ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nhyew so no da adi pefee: wɔ silicone foam koro no ara ho no, wobetumi atew nhwɛsode a ne kɛse yɛ mm 3 a wɔakyekyɛ mu sɛ V-0 no so akɔ V-1 sɛ foam no mu duru yɛ mm 0.5 pɛ a.
Ɛne amanaman ntam ISO ne IEC ogyaframa a ɛko tia gyinapɛn ahorow hyia; PCB nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma a wɔde kɔ EU ne Asia Kesee Fam Apuei no wɔ adansedi krataa koro wɔ UL94 nkyekyɛmu ase.
Wɔde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mmara adi dwuma bere koro mu: EU RoHS akwankyerɛ no bara nneɛma a wɔde siw ogyaframa a wɔde polybrominated ayɛ ano, na ɛma nnwuma no dan kɔ V0 foam silicone a halogen-free ne phase-out halogen-a ogyaframa-nneɛma a ɛmma ogya ntumi nkɔ mu te sɛ EVA ne EPDM so.
V. Nnɛyi Gyinapɛn a Ɛyɛ Foforo:Ahwehwɛdeɛ mmienu a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ ne Ɔhyeɛ a ɛkorɔn-Adwumayɛ ho (7th Edition, 2023, mprempren ɛyɛ adwuma)
7th edition a woyii no adi wɔ afe 2023 mu no yɛ wiase nyinaa standardized version, a ɛwɔ core enhancements a wɔayɛ no yiye ama foam cushioning nneɛma ne PCB thermal pressing applications.
Tew gyinapɛn a wɔde hu foam sponge a ɛyɛ tratraa no mu, na kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda wɔn hyew su ahorow ntam wɔ closed-cell silicone, open-cell EPDM, ne soft EVA mu.
Ma ogyaframa a ɛtumi gyina pintinn sɔhwɛ no nkɔ anim wɔ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro-a ɛyɛ onyin akyi: Ɛnsɛ sɛ ade no ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nkɔ mu no kyerɛ sɛ ɛresɛe kɛse bere a wɔde ahyɛ ɔhyew a ɛkyɛ wɔ digrii 200 mu no .
Nnwuma mu nsɛnnennen a ɛho hia a wobedi ho dwuma: EVA ne EPDM ogyaframa a wɔtaa de di dwuma no da ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro-a ɛyɛ hyew adi; ɔhyew a wɔhyɛ no mpɛn pii no ma wɔsɛe fi V0 kɔ HB, na ɛma wɔmfata mma PCB nhama a wɔde yɛ nneɛma.
Ogya-retardant foam silicone, a agye din sɛ ɛyɛ soronko-ɔhyew a ɛko tia ne phase mpaapaemu a enni hɔ bere a ɛkura V0 ogya rating mu no, abɛyɛ ade titiriw a wɔde yɛ ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn-ɔhyew a wɔde siw ɔhyew ano.
Wɔde gyinapɛn foforo a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔde hyew nneɛma a wusiw nnim pii ne nea awuduru nnim ho aba sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛne adwumayɛbea ogya ahobammɔ ahwehwɛde ne nneɛma a wɔyɛ ho gyinapɛn a ɛho tew a wɔde yɛ amansin board ahorow a wɔatintim no bɛyɛ pɛ.
Wiase nyinaa su: Ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nkɔ mu no dodow a wɔde ma mprempren no nka "ankasa-nea odum bere a ogya atɔ no" nko ho, na mmom gyinapɛn foforo abiɛsa-ɔhyew a ɛko tia a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ, halogen-a atwa yɛn ho ahyia adamfofa a enni mu, ne nsu a ɛtwetwe biara nso.